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Pickering Electronics Ltd
Stephenson Rd, Clacton, Essex, England, CO15 4NL

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    • About
      • 10 Key Benefits of Pickering Reed Relays
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  • Reed Relays
    • By Series No.
      • Single-In-Line (SIL/SIP) Series 100 – 110
        • 100 – Low Thermal EMF Relays
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 100HC – 3A High Carry Current / High Coil Resistance
        • 101 – Direct Drive From CMOS
        • 102 – Up to 20W Coaxial RF/High Speed Digital
        • 103 – Low Capacitance – Wide Bandwidth
        • 104 – HV 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-Off
        • 105 – 20W (Dry) & 50W (Mercury)
        • 106 – 0.2” x 0.8” up to 20W + HV 1.5kV Stand-off
        • 107 – Mu-metal Standard Size up to 20W
        • 108 – 0.15” x 0.8” Mu-Metal Screened Relay
        • 109 – 0.15” x 0.6” – Up to 20W + RF
        • 110 – 0.15” x 0.4” – Up to 20W
      • Single-In-Line (SIL) Series 111-131
        • 111 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W + 2.5GHz RF
        • 112 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W High Density
        • 113 – 0.15” x 0.5” 3W (Form C),
          10W (Form A) + 3 GHz RF
        • 114 – 40W High Power SIP
        • 115 – Up to 1 Amp, 20W High Density
        • 116 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 117 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 118 – High Coil Resistance – Small Size
        • 119 – Up to 3KV Stand-off – Mini High Voltage
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • High Voltage (HV) Relays
        • 62 & 63: 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Push On Terminals
        • 60 & 65 – 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Solder Terminals
        • 67 & 68 – 200W 10kV PCB/Flying Lead Connections
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 104 – 20W 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-off PCB SIP
        • 119 – 10W 1kV Switching, 3kV Stand-off PCB Mini SIP
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • Ultra-High Density 4mm Relays
        • 120 – 1 Amp, 20W 4mm X 15.5mm
        • 122 – 0.5 Amp, 10W 4mm X 12.5mm
        • 124 0.5A, 10W 4mm X 9.5mm
      • Dual-in-Line (DIL/DIP) Relays
        • 97 – Dry 3W (Form C) 10W (Form A), Mercury 50W
        • 98 – 3W (Form C) 20W (Form A) CMOS Direct Drive
      • Legacy / Classic Relays
        • Older Style Relays – Series 80, 85, 88 & 89
        • Older Style Relays – Series 86 and 87
      • Surface Mount
    • By Application
      • High Density
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      • Low Thermal EMF
      • Thermocouple Switching
      • Direct Drive from CMOS
      • Low Capacitance
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Menu
  • About
    • About
      • 10 Key Benefits of Pickering Reed Relays
      • Why Pickering Reed Relays?
      • 50 Years of Quality Reed Relays
      • Reed Relay Timeline
      • Pickering Interfaces
    • Quality Assurance
    • Careers
    • Brexit Statement
    • COVID-19 Notice
    • Ukraine Conflict
  • Reed Relays
    • By Series No.
      • Single-In-Line (SIL/SIP) Series 100 – 110
        • 100 – Low Thermal EMF Relays
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 100HC – 3A High Carry Current / High Coil Resistance
        • 101 – Direct Drive From CMOS
        • 102 – Up to 20W Coaxial RF/High Speed Digital
        • 103 – Low Capacitance – Wide Bandwidth
        • 104 – HV 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-Off
        • 105 – 20W (Dry) & 50W (Mercury)
        • 106 – 0.2” x 0.8” up to 20W + HV 1.5kV Stand-off
        • 107 – Mu-metal Standard Size up to 20W
        • 108 – 0.15” x 0.8” Mu-Metal Screened Relay
        • 109 – 0.15” x 0.6” – Up to 20W + RF
        • 110 – 0.15” x 0.4” – Up to 20W
      • Single-In-Line (SIL) Series 111-131
        • 111 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W + 2.5GHz RF
        • 112 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W High Density
        • 113 – 0.15” x 0.5” 3W (Form C),
          10W (Form A) + 3 GHz RF
        • 114 – 40W High Power SIP
        • 115 – Up to 1 Amp, 20W High Density
        • 116 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 117 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 118 – High Coil Resistance – Small Size
        • 119 – Up to 3KV Stand-off – Mini High Voltage
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • High Voltage (HV) Relays
        • 62 & 63: 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Push On Terminals
        • 60 & 65 – 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Solder Terminals
        • 67 & 68 – 200W 10kV PCB/Flying Lead Connections
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 104 – 20W 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-off PCB SIP
        • 119 – 10W 1kV Switching, 3kV Stand-off PCB Mini SIP
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • Ultra-High Density 4mm Relays
        • 120 – 1 Amp, 20W 4mm X 15.5mm
        • 122 – 0.5 Amp, 10W 4mm X 12.5mm
        • 124 0.5A, 10W 4mm X 9.5mm
      • Dual-in-Line (DIL/DIP) Relays
        • 97 – Dry 3W (Form C) 10W (Form A), Mercury 50W
        • 98 – 3W (Form C) 20W (Form A) CMOS Direct Drive
      • Legacy / Classic Relays
        • Older Style Relays – Series 80, 85, 88 & 89
        • Older Style Relays – Series 86 and 87
      • Surface Mount
    • By Application
      • High Density
      • High Voltage
        • Cable Testing
        • Mining Gas Analysis
      • General Instrumentation
      • RF Fast / Digital
      • Portable Equipment
      • High Power
      • Data Acquisition
      • Low Thermal EMF
      • Thermocouple Switching
      • Direct Drive from CMOS
      • Low Capacitance
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Custom Reed Relays
  • How to Buy
    • Request a Quote
    • Buy Online
    • Free Evaluation Samples
    • Distributors & Sales Offices
    • Distributor Inventory
  • Resources
    • Application Guides
      • Photovoltaic Efficiency & Fault Detection
      • EV & Charge Point Testing
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Data Sheets
    • Concise Tech Guide
    • Relay Catalogue
    • RelayMate Book
    • Relay Finder Map
    • 3D Relay Models
    • Videos
  • News
    • Product News
    • Media News
    • Events
  • Support
    • Contact Us
    • General Help
      • Technical Help
      • RelayMate Book
      • SoftCenter ®
      • Connectivity Advice
      • Magnetic Interaction
      • Glossary of Terms
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Now
  • About
    • About
      • 10 Key Benefits of Pickering Reed Relays
      • Why Pickering Reed Relays?
      • 50 Years of Quality Reed Relays
      • Reed Relay Timeline
      • Pickering Interfaces
    • Quality Assurance
    • Careers
    • Brexit Statement
    • COVID-19 Notice
    • Ukraine Conflict
  • Reed Relays
    • By Series No.
      • Single-In-Line (SIL/SIP) Series 100 – 110
        • 100 – Low Thermal EMF Relays
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 100HC – 3A High Carry Current / High Coil Resistance
        • 101 – Direct Drive From CMOS
        • 102 – Up to 20W Coaxial RF/High Speed Digital
        • 103 – Low Capacitance – Wide Bandwidth
        • 104 – HV 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-Off
        • 105 – 20W (Dry) & 50W (Mercury)
        • 106 – 0.2” x 0.8” up to 20W + HV 1.5kV Stand-off
        • 107 – Mu-metal Standard Size up to 20W
        • 108 – 0.15” x 0.8” Mu-Metal Screened Relay
        • 109 – 0.15” x 0.6” – Up to 20W + RF
        • 110 – 0.15” x 0.4” – Up to 20W
      • Single-In-Line (SIL) Series 111-131
        • 111 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W + 2.5GHz RF
        • 112 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W High Density
        • 113 – 0.15” x 0.5” 3W (Form C),
          10W (Form A) + 3 GHz RF
        • 114 – 40W High Power SIP
        • 115 – Up to 1 Amp, 20W High Density
        • 116 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 117 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 118 – High Coil Resistance – Small Size
        • 119 – Up to 3KV Stand-off – Mini High Voltage
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • High Voltage (HV) Relays
        • 62 & 63: 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Push On Terminals
        • 60 & 65 – 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Solder Terminals
        • 67 & 68 – 200W 10kV PCB/Flying Lead Connections
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 104 – 20W 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-off PCB SIP
        • 119 – 10W 1kV Switching, 3kV Stand-off PCB Mini SIP
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • Ultra-High Density 4mm Relays
        • 120 – 1 Amp, 20W 4mm X 15.5mm
        • 122 – 0.5 Amp, 10W 4mm X 12.5mm
        • 124 0.5A, 10W 4mm X 9.5mm
      • Dual-in-Line (DIL/DIP) Relays
        • 97 – Dry 3W (Form C) 10W (Form A), Mercury 50W
        • 98 – 3W (Form C) 20W (Form A) CMOS Direct Drive
      • Legacy / Classic Relays
        • Older Style Relays – Series 80, 85, 88 & 89
        • Older Style Relays – Series 86 and 87
      • Surface Mount
    • By Application
      • High Density
      • High Voltage
        • Cable Testing
        • Mining Gas Analysis
      • General Instrumentation
      • RF Fast / Digital
      • Portable Equipment
      • High Power
      • Data Acquisition
      • Low Thermal EMF
      • Thermocouple Switching
      • Direct Drive from CMOS
      • Low Capacitance
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Custom Reed Relays
  • How to Buy
    • Request a Quote
    • Buy Online
    • Free Evaluation Samples
    • Distributors & Sales Offices
    • Distributor Inventory
  • Resources
    • Application Guides
      • Photovoltaic Efficiency & Fault Detection
      • EV & Charge Point Testing
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Data Sheets
    • Concise Tech Guide
    • Relay Catalogue
    • RelayMate Book
    • Relay Finder Map
    • 3D Relay Models
    • Videos
  • News
    • Product News
    • Media News
    • Events
  • Support
    • Contact Us
    • General Help
      • Technical Help
      • RelayMate Book
      • SoftCenter ®
      • Connectivity Advice
      • Magnetic Interaction
      • Glossary of Terms
Menu
  • About
    • About
      • 10 Key Benefits of Pickering Reed Relays
      • Why Pickering Reed Relays?
      • 50 Years of Quality Reed Relays
      • Reed Relay Timeline
      • Pickering Interfaces
    • Quality Assurance
    • Careers
    • Brexit Statement
    • COVID-19 Notice
    • Ukraine Conflict
  • Reed Relays
    • By Series No.
      • Single-In-Line (SIL/SIP) Series 100 – 110
        • 100 – Low Thermal EMF Relays
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 100HC – 3A High Carry Current / High Coil Resistance
        • 101 – Direct Drive From CMOS
        • 102 – Up to 20W Coaxial RF/High Speed Digital
        • 103 – Low Capacitance – Wide Bandwidth
        • 104 – HV 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-Off
        • 105 – 20W (Dry) & 50W (Mercury)
        • 106 – 0.2” x 0.8” up to 20W + HV 1.5kV Stand-off
        • 107 – Mu-metal Standard Size up to 20W
        • 108 – 0.15” x 0.8” Mu-Metal Screened Relay
        • 109 – 0.15” x 0.6” – Up to 20W + RF
        • 110 – 0.15” x 0.4” – Up to 20W
      • Single-In-Line (SIL) Series 111-131
        • 111 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W + 2.5GHz RF
        • 112 – 0.15” x 0.4” 10W High Density
        • 113 – 0.15” x 0.5” 3W (Form C),
          10W (Form A) + 3 GHz RF
        • 114 – 40W High Power SIP
        • 115 – Up to 1 Amp, 20W High Density
        • 116 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 117 – 0.5A, 10W Very High Density
        • 118 – High Coil Resistance – Small Size
        • 119 – Up to 3KV Stand-off – Mini High Voltage
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • High Voltage (HV) Relays
        • 62 & 63: 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Push On Terminals
        • 60 & 65 – 15kV PCB/Chassis Mount Solder Terminals
        • 67 & 68 – 200W 10kV PCB/Flying Lead Connections
        • 100HV – HV up to 3kV – High Coil Resistance
        • 104 – 20W 1kV Switching, 4kV Stand-off PCB SIP
        • 119 – 10W 1kV Switching, 3kV Stand-off PCB Mini SIP
        • 131 – 10W 1.5kV Stand-off PCB Smallest HV SIP
      • Ultra-High Density 4mm Relays
        • 120 – 1 Amp, 20W 4mm X 15.5mm
        • 122 – 0.5 Amp, 10W 4mm X 12.5mm
        • 124 0.5A, 10W 4mm X 9.5mm
      • Dual-in-Line (DIL/DIP) Relays
        • 97 – Dry 3W (Form C) 10W (Form A), Mercury 50W
        • 98 – 3W (Form C) 20W (Form A) CMOS Direct Drive
      • Legacy / Classic Relays
        • Older Style Relays – Series 80, 85, 88 & 89
        • Older Style Relays – Series 86 and 87
      • Surface Mount
    • By Application
      • High Density
      • High Voltage
        • Cable Testing
        • Mining Gas Analysis
      • General Instrumentation
      • RF Fast / Digital
      • Portable Equipment
      • High Power
      • Data Acquisition
      • Low Thermal EMF
      • Thermocouple Switching
      • Direct Drive from CMOS
      • Low Capacitance
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Custom Reed Relays
  • How to Buy
    • Request a Quote
    • Buy Online
    • Free Evaluation Samples
    • Distributors & Sales Offices
    • Distributor Inventory
  • Resources
    • Application Guides
      • Photovoltaic Efficiency & Fault Detection
      • EV & Charge Point Testing
    • Reed Relay Selector Tool
    • Data Sheets
    • Concise Tech Guide
    • Relay Catalogue
    • RelayMate Book
    • Relay Finder Map
    • 3D Relay Models
    • Videos
  • News
    • Product News
    • Media News
    • Events
  • Support
    • Contact Us
    • General Help
      • Technical Help
      • RelayMate Book
      • SoftCenter ®
      • Connectivity Advice
      • Magnetic Interaction
      • Glossary of Terms
  • Home
  • News Archive
  • Media News
  • ‘Hot’ versus ‘Cold’ switching

‘Hot’ versus ‘Cold’ switching

by pickering / Thursday, 02 March 2017 / Published in Media News

Reed Relays generally have a higher Carry Current rating than their ‘hot’ Switching Current rating. It is usually during ‘hot’ switching where contact damage occurs due to the resulting arc across the contacts as they open or close.

A severe current overload will quickly melt the contact area causing the two surfaces to fuse together creating a hard weld as soon as the contact closes. Less severe current inrushes will cause a milder weld or gradually build up a ‘pip’ on one contact and erode a ‘crater’ on the other according to the direction of current flow. These can eventually lock together. Arcs can occur when contacts open, particularly when the load is inductive and Back EMFs from inductive loads should always be limited, usually by a simple diode in the case of DC loads or by a Snubber or Varistor in the case of AC loads.

One way to reduce or remove these issues is to ‘Cold’ switch. This is a common technique in Test Instrumentation, where the current or voltage stimulus is not applied to the switch until after the relay has been operated and contact bounce is finished. In the same way, the stimulus is removed before the contact is opened. In this way, there will be no arcing or switched current inrushes and the relay will achieve maximum life, often into billions of operations.

When calculating the delay time between switching on the relay coil and applying the current to the switch, it is important to consider the effects of high ambient temperature if this is likely to be encountered. The maximum operate time and bounce figures given on the data sheets are at a 25°C ambient level. At higher temperatures, the resistance of the coil winding will increase at a rate of 0.4 % per °C, this being the coefficient of resistance of the copper coil wire. There will therefore be a corresponding fall in coil current and the level of the magnetic field that is generated to operate the reed switch. This lower drive level will increase the operate time slightly.

The timing figures on Pickering data sheets are normally quite conservative so this is unlikely to be an issue up to the normal ambient specification of 85°C. However, if there is any additional self-heating within the relay due to a high carry current and the switch resistance (I²R Watts), it will be necessary to consider this and allow a little more time before turning on the current through the switch.

You can view the original article here.

About pickering

Pickering Electronics have been specialising in high-quality instrumentation grade Reed Relay designs for over 50 years and are eager to share their technical expertise. Pickering relays are sold in high volumes to automatic test equipment companies throughout the world.

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